Fig. 1

Schematic of a long-axis view of the heart (middle) illustrating vortex motion inside the left ventricle (LV) cavity. On both the right and left side, image examples of four different cardiac imaging techniques for assessment of intracardiac flow dynamics are shown. Ao: aorta. Echo-PIV: echocardiographic particle imaging velocimetry. 4D-Flow MRI: four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging. LA: left atrium. LVOT: left ventricle outflow tract