Table 2 Left ventricular (LV) vortex and energetic characteristics in patients with systolic dysfunction and heart failure (HF) evaluated by ultrasound techniques
Author | Imaging Technique | Patients | Vortex Characteristics | KE and KEL/KED/KEF |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gharib et al. 2006 [39] | Transthoracic echocardiography | 80 pts with no prior information about cardiac health,7 patients with DCM. | VFT in DCM patients (1.5–2.5) lower than optimal range (3.5–5.5) in subjects with normal LV-EF. | Not evaluated. |
Hong et al. 2008 [31] | Echo-PIV | 15 patients with LV-EF < 40%, 10 normal controls. | Smaller vortex length index (0.366 ± 0.06) and depth index (0.443 ± 0.04) and greater vortex width index (0.209 ± 0.05) compared to normal controls. | Not evaluated. |
Poh et al. 2012 [40] | Transthoracic echocardiography | 91 HFrEF patients, 39 HFpEF patients, 32 normal controls. | Reduced VFTa in HFrEF patients (1.25 ± 0.55) and HFpEF patients (2.21 ± 0.8) compared to normal controls (2.67 ± 0.8, P < 0.001). | Not evaluated. |
Mangual et al. 2013 [18] | 3D transthoracic echocardiography + blood flow reconstruction | 8 patients with DCM, 20 normal controls. | VFT in DCM patients (4.33 ± 0.37) lower than in normal controls (1.49 ± 0.53, P < 0.001). | KED index in DCM patients (2.05 ± 1.52) higher than in normal (1.49 ± 0.53, P < 0.001). |
Agati et al. 2014 [20] | Echo-PIV | 34 patients with acute MI in 3 groups (LV-EF > 50%, 30–50%, < 30%), 30 normal controls. | No differences in area, length, depth and intensity indices. VFT and DF lower in patients, with progressive reduction with reduction of LV-EF. | KED and KEF progressively lower with reduction of LV-EF. |
Fukuda et al. 2014 [34] | VFM | 60 patients with LV-EF 36 ± 11%, 20 normal controls. | Vortex persistent throughout ICT, ejection time, and IRT; persistence proportional to LV dilation and EF reduction. | Not evaluated. |
Bermejo et al. 2014 [14] | Custom-developed color Doppler-based technique | 61 patients with NIDCM, 61 normal controls. | Larger vortices in NIDCM. Reduced VFT in NIDCM compared to normal controls (1.43 ± 0.83 vs. 3.95 ± 1.78, P < 0.0001). Stronger vortex in NIDCM patients compared to normal controls (circulation: 0.008 ± 0.007 m2/s vs. 0.006 ± 0.005 m2/s, P = 0.02). | Higher KE in NIDCM patients compared to normal controls (7 ± 8 mJ/m vs. 5 ± 5 mJ/m, P = 0.04). |
Kim et al. 2018 [34] | Echo-PIV | 75 patients with HF and LV-EF ≤45%. | Average vortex length index 0.53–0.54, depth index 0.39–0.42, width index 0.32. | Average KED index: 0.32–0.33. KEF index: from 0.71 ± 0.2 to 0.92 ± 0.38 depending on MACE. |
Tang et al. 2018 [37] | Echo-PIV | 20 patients with DCM, 20 normal controls. | In the DCM group, higher vortex area (0.237 ± 0.063 vs. 0.196 ± 0.129, P = 0.029), vortex depth (0.396 ± 0.134 vs. 0.293 ± 0.143, P = 0.025), and vortex length (0.534 ± 0.089 vs. 0.435 ± 0.176, P = 0.004); flow force angle significantly lower (29.979 ± 8.208 vs. 35.896 ± 6.044, P = 0.013). | In the DCM group, higher KED (0.975 ± 0.552 vs. 0.578 ± 0.295, P = 0.006). |
Fiorencis et al. 2022 [5] | HyperDoppler | 47 patients with LV-EF < 50%, 50 normal controls. | Greater vortex area index (0.31 ± 0.04), length index (0.73 ± 0.08), depth (0.39 ± 0.06) compared to normal controls. | Greater intensity index (-0.42 ± 0.04) and smaller KED index (0.19 ± 0.09) compared to normal controls. |
Chan JSK et al. 2023 [38] | VFM | 20 patients with HFrEF, 20 normal controls. | In HFrEF patients, greater vortex S-area index (2.73 ± 1.19 mm2/ml), E-area index (3.03 ± 1.23 mm2/ml) and A-area index (3.22 ± 1.23 mm2/ml) compared to normal controls. | In HFrEF patients, greater mean ELD (3.99 ± 2.14 10− 2 J/ms) and peak ELE (8.66 ± 6.27 10− 2 J/ms) compared to normal controls. |