Table 1 Echocardiographic Findings Following Conduction System Pacing Across Published Studies
From: Echocardiographic imaging in patients with conduction system pacing
First author | Year | Pacing types | No of patients | Non-echocardiographic parameter | Follow-up after proce dure | LVEF | GLS | Dyssynchronyand different chocardiographic parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cheng [31] | 2024 | LBBP, LBFP and LVSP QRS < 120 and EF ≥ 50% | 56 (18, 16, 22 respectively) | QRS, LVAT | 6 months | EF ≥ 50% (average above 60%)—no significant changes in follow-up | no changes between the groups in the follow-up | GCS, GRS PSD—no differences between the groups; lead tip depth in the septum and lead tip distance from the tricuspid annulus and apex |
Pujol-López [23] | 2024 | CSP vs BiVP ON and OFF programming | 70 | 6 and 12 months | increased in both groups | - improved in both groups | In both groups: PSD decrease LVESV decrease Septal flash disappearance septal rebound disappearance LBBB strain pattern disappearance | |
Tian [29] | 2024 | LBBAP | 65 | NT-proBNP, QRS, | 6 months | increased | for RV and LV improved | LVEF RV and LV GLS LVEDD decrease LVESD decrease significant MR decrease 3D RVEF LV and RV dyssynchrony decrease |
Boczar [10] | 2023 | CRT (BiVP) + HBP | 21 | QRS | 1–2 days | Increased | Improved | LVEDD LVESD LVSV MR grade LA strain |
Bednarek [28] | 2023 | LBBAP | 151 | QRS, NTproBNP | Median 23 months, min 1 month | Increased if LVEF < 50% | improved if LVEF < 50% | LA strain |
Dell’Era [21] | 2023 | LBBAP | 56 | QRS | Implantation, < 24 h and 3 months | Increased | worsened | PSD decrease IVMD decrease |
Michalik [20] | 2021 | HBP vs RVP | 50 | QRS | 1 day, 6 months | Not measured | Stable | RVP PSD and LAVI increased HBP PSD and LAVI decreased |
Sun [26] | 2020 | LBBP vs RVP | 32 | Before and after implant | No difference | No difference | 2D-TD PSS (18 segments) and 2D-SD PSS (18 segments) shorter under LBBP than under RVP | |
Tang [32] | 2019 | HBP vs RVAP | 62 | 1, 3 and 6 months | Not measured | Not measured | 3D-TD 3D-SD | |
Mei [33] | 2023 | LBBAP, RVSP, RVAP | 90 | NTproBNP, QRS | before and 4 weeks | no changes | GLS best in LBBAP, worst in RVAP | GLS SDI—the shortest in LBBAP Longitudinal and circumferential Tε-dif—the shortest in LBBAP (3D) TMSV 16-SD—the shortest in LBBAP |
Wen [25] | 2021 | LBBP vs RVSP | 65 | before and 6 months | No difference | No difference | ||
Yao [27] | 2022 | RVSP vs LBBP | 50 | before, 6, 12 and 18 months | Not measured | Higher | GRS GCS | |
Zhao [22] | 2022 | LBBAP with or without RBBB | 40 | 1 month | No difference | No difference | LAd LAVi RAd LVEDd LVESV LVEDV LVEF RVFAC TAPSE TV-s’ TMAD Dyssynchrony measured as difference in peak displacement or systolic time to peak velocity of mitral and tricuspid annuli—shorter in nonRBBB group | |
Liu [34] | 2021 | RVOP vs LBBP | 84 | BNP, QRS duration, interval, amplitude | Before, 7 days | No difference | Not measured | LAd e’ E wave A wave E/A E/e’ LAEF LVEF VTI LA strain |
Xie [35] | 2021 | RVAP, RVOP, HBP, LBBP | 21 | acute changes | Stable | Stable in LBBP | Yu index—shorter in LBBP than RVAP PSD—significantly increased in RVAP, shorter in LBBP than RVAP LVEF IVMD—significantly increased in RVAP LVEDD LVEDV LVESD TAPSE | |
Liu [36] | 2021 | CRT vs LBBP | 62 | QRS | 3 and 6 months after implantation | IVMD, PSD—greater improvement in LBBAP than BVP | ||
Mirolo [37] | 2023 | LBBAP | 134 (47 LBBB; 38 RBBB, the rest—narrow QRS) | QRS duration, the QRS axis, V6 RWPT, the R/Q ratio in V1 | X | Not measured | Not measured | IVMD—decrease in LBBB and RBBB group LVMDT—decrease only in LBBB group |